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• Changing Perceptions 1

• Changing Perceptions 2

• Changing Perceptions 3

• Turkey’s Role: 1950s

• The T.M.T.

• Kutlu Adali

• The Plumer Document

• An Oath and a Poem

• The Bathtub Murders

• The 2nd Turkish Invasion

• Turkish Cypriots
  criticize Erdogan

• What Levent wants 1

• What Levent wants 2

• The Annan Plan

• Bibliography

• Essential Reading

Cyprus 2022: Still Occupied, Still Partitioned

In July 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus, divided the island by force, and ethnically “cleansed” the massive area taken and occupied by the Turkish army. [See also “The Second Turkish Offensive in Cyprus, 14 August 1974”.] More than four decades later, the island is still divided. That is because none of the major powers have put any real pressure on Turkey, despite many UN resolutions calling for the withdrawal of Turkish forces.

On the contrary, pressure has been exerted on the Republic of Cyprus to make concession upon concession in the hope that a package acceptable to Turkey would eventually be arrived at.

Thus, in 2004, we ended up with the Annan Plan, into which Annan incorporated, even at the last minute, further concessions to Turkey, requested by Turkey but not endorsed by the Greek negotiators. The Cypriots, when asked to vote on the Plan in a referendum responded with a defiant “no”, seeing it as little more than a way of legitimising and perpetuating the division of the island—and letting Turkey off the hook.

At the heart of the matter is a straightforward question: Should the results of illegal invasion, partition by force, and ethnic cleansing be accepted and allowed to stand? And the sad truth is that to date they have been...

The consequences of the invasion:

• 36.2% of the territory of Cyprus is still under military occupation by Turkey.

• About 40,000 troops from Turkey, armed with the latest weapons and supported by air, land and sea power, are stationed in the occupied area, making it one of the most militarized regions in the world.

• After the Invasion, 1619 Greek Cypriots were listed as missing, among them several hundred civilians. The remains of many of them have since been found, but discovering what happened to them, and where the rest are, has been and is still an uphill struggle because the Turkish side refuses to cooperate fully, if at all, in ascertaining their fate.

• Some 164,000 Greek Cypriots—about one third of the total population—who were forcibly expelled from the occupied northern part of the island, are still deprived of the right to return to their homes and villages.

• Less than 343 Greek Cypriots, out of 20,000 at the end of August 1974, still remain enclaved in the occupied territory. The rest have been forced to abandon their homes through constant intimidation and harassment. (There were 343 enclaved in 2014.)

• More than 160,000 settlers from Turkey have been brought in to Cyprus illegally to colonize the occupied area and alter the demographic character of Cyprus.

• According to Turkish Cypriot sources, more than half of the Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from the island since Turkey’s invasion. Turkish Cypriots are now outnumbered by troops and settlers from Turkey.

• There has been a deliberate and systematic attempt by Turkey and its Turkish Cypriot puppet regime to destroy the Greek and Christian cultural and historical heritage of occupied Cyprus.

Following the Turkish invasion, Cyprus has come to be seen, erroneously, as made up of a Greek South Cyprus and a Turkish Northern Cyprus. However it is wrong to identify the northern part of Cyprus which is currently occupied by the Turkish Army as Turkish, and equally wrong to identify the south as solely Greek. Prior to the Turkish invasion there was no large area of Cyprus that was purely Turkish or Greek. There were Greek and Turkish villages, as well as mixed villages, scattered all over the island, but overall the Greeks were in the majority. The Turkish invasion created an anomalous demographic state of affairs which has yet to be rectified.

A series of UN General Assembly and Security Council resolutions, as well as resolutions adopted by numerous other international organizations (including the EU, the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement), reflect the universal condemnation of Turkey’s invasion and all subsequent acts of aggression against Cyprus; demand the return of the refugees to their homes in safety and the tracing of the missing persons; and call for respect for the human rights of all Cypriots as well as for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Cyprus. Moreover, the European Court of Human Rights has found the government of Turkey responsible for gross and systematc violations of human rights in Cyprus.

Successive rounds of UN-sponsored talks between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities to resolve the Cyprus problem have been undermined by the Turkish side which has sought a settlement that in effect would leave Cyprus permanently divided and hostage to foreign interests. The government of Cyprus and the Greek Cypriot side, on the other hand, have been insisting on a genuine reunification of the island, its institutions and its people. Intensive efforts by the UN resulted in the presentation in 2004 of a plan by the Secretary-General for a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem (Annan Plan V). On 24 April 2004 the people of Cyprus were asked to approve or reject the plan through separate, simultaneous referenda by the two communities. A clear majority of 75.8% Greek Cypriots rejected the proposed Annan Plan because they felt that the final text was not balanced and did not meet their main concerns regarding security, functionality and viability of the solution.

In rejecting the Annan Plan, the Greek Cypriots did not reject the reunification of Cyprus, which remains their primary goal. They rejected that particular Plan because, despite claims to the contrary, it did not lead to a real unification of the island and the reintegration of its people, institutions and economy.

Throughout the lengthy intercommunal talks which have taken place over the years, held under the auspices of the United Nations Organization, the Greek Cypriot side has always shown goodwill and a genuine desire to settle the Cyprus problem in a way that will best serve the interests of all the citizens of Cyprus.

For the solution to be viable and to withstand the test of time, it must be perceived as fair by the people who will have to live with it. The solution, therefore, must be democratic, just, workable, financially viable and compatible with EU principles, laws and democratic norms, the Convention on Human Rights and key UN resolutions; Cyprus must remain a unified state and enjoy full sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence.

Loss of Resources as a Result of Turkey´s Invasion

• 70% of the island’s gross output

• 65% of the tourist accommodation capacity

• 87% of hotel beds under construction

• 83% of the general cargo handling capacity (Famagusta port)

• 56% of mining and quarrying output

• 41% of livestock production

• 48% of agricultural exports

• 46% of industrial production

• 20% of state forests

• 36.2% of housing stock

• 38.3% of school buildings